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2023
Coggins, T. N.
Called Back Onstage: Dramaturgic Analysis, Domestic Social Robots, and Privacy Book Chapter
In: Hakli, Raul; Mäkelä, Pekka; Seib, Johanna (Ed.): Social Robots in Social Institutions, pp. 325-334, IOS Press, 2023, ISBN: 978-1-64368-374-4.
@inbook{RN4634,
title = {Called Back Onstage: Dramaturgic Analysis, Domestic Social Robots, and Privacy},
author = {T. N. Coggins},
editor = {Raul Hakli and Pekka Mäkelä and Johanna Seib},
url = {http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:bbf1d868-e1a9-491f-b47a-52cb3a63fde0},
doi = {10.3233/FAIA220632},
isbn = {978-1-64368-374-4},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
urldate = {2023-01-01},
booktitle = {Social Robots in Social Institutions},
issuetitle = {Called back on stage: Dramaturgic Analysis, Domestic Social Robots, and Privacy},
pages = {325-334},
publisher = {IOS Press},
abstract = {I argue that social robots installed inside homes produce a novel privacy problem when they invite their users to engage with them. To build my case, I introduce relevant concepts from Erving Goffman’s theory of Dramaturgic Analysis to interpret human-robot interactions. Following Goffman, I posit that we pre-reflectively adjust our behavior to communal expectations and perform as characters when interacting with other people in public. We tend to step into character when we encounter familiar social situations, which, I argue, includes those created by robots that mimic human social behavior. Our homes, ideally, enable us to set aside the characters we play in public to pursue private tasks associated with our well-being, autonomy, and intimate relationships. As such, when domestic social robots elicit social responses from users, they may rob users of time they could otherwise dedicate to valuable private activities—an issue I categorize as a privacy problem.},
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}
I argue that social robots installed inside homes produce a novel privacy problem when they invite their users to engage with them. To build my case, I introduce relevant concepts from Erving Goffman’s theory of Dramaturgic Analysis to interpret human-robot interactions. Following Goffman, I posit that we pre-reflectively adjust our behavior to communal expectations and perform as characters when interacting with other people in public. We tend to step into character when we encounter familiar social situations, which, I argue, includes those created by robots that mimic human social behavior. Our homes, ideally, enable us to set aside the characters we play in public to pursue private tasks associated with our well-being, autonomy, and intimate relationships. As such, when domestic social robots elicit social responses from users, they may rob users of time they could otherwise dedicate to valuable private activities—an issue I categorize as a privacy problem.
Coggins, Tom N.; Steinert, Steffen
The seven troubles with norm-compliant robots Journal Article
In: Ethics and Information Technology, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 29, 2023, ISSN: 1572-8439.
@article{RN4630,
title = {The seven troubles with norm-compliant robots},
author = {Tom N. Coggins and Steffen Steinert},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-023-09701-1},
doi = {10.1007/s10676-023-09701-1},
issn = {1572-8439},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
urldate = {2023-01-01},
journal = {Ethics and Information Technology},
volume = {25},
number = {2},
pages = {29},
abstract = {Many researchers from robotics, machine ethics, and adjacent fields seem to assume that norms represent good behavior that social robots should learn to benefit their users and society. We would like to complicate this view and present seven key troubles with norm-compliant robots: (1) norm biases, (2) paternalism (3) tyrannies of the majority, (4) pluralistic ignorance, (5) paths of least resistance, (6) outdated norms, and (7) technologically-induced norm change. Because discussions of why norm-compliant robots can be problematic are noticeably absent from the robot and machine ethics literature, this paper fills an important research gap. We argue that it is critical for researchers to take these issues into account if they wish to make norm-compliant robots.},
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pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Many researchers from robotics, machine ethics, and adjacent fields seem to assume that norms represent good behavior that social robots should learn to benefit their users and society. We would like to complicate this view and present seven key troubles with norm-compliant robots: (1) norm biases, (2) paternalism (3) tyrannies of the majority, (4) pluralistic ignorance, (5) paths of least resistance, (6) outdated norms, and (7) technologically-induced norm change. Because discussions of why norm-compliant robots can be problematic are noticeably absent from the robot and machine ethics literature, this paper fills an important research gap. We argue that it is critical for researchers to take these issues into account if they wish to make norm-compliant robots.
2022
van de Poel, Ibo; Kudina, Olya
Understanding Technology-Induced Value Change: a Pragmatist Proposal Journal Article
In: Philosophy of Technology, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 40, 2022, ISSN: 2210-5433.
@article{pmid35441075,
title = {Understanding Technology-Induced Value Change: a Pragmatist Proposal},
author = {Ibo van de Poel and Olya Kudina},
doi = {10.1007/s13347-022-00520-8},
issn = {2210-5433},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
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journal = {Philosophy of Technology},
volume = {35},
number = {2},
pages = {40},
abstract = {We propose a pragmatist account of value change that helps to understand how and why values sometimes change due to technological developments. Inspired by John Dewey's writings on value, we propose to understand values as evaluative devices that carry over from earlier experiences and that are to some extent shared in society. We discuss the various functions that values fulfil in moral inquiry and propose a conceptual framework that helps to understand value change as the interaction between three manifestations of value distinguished by Dewey, i.e., "immediate value," "values as the result of inquiry" and "generalized values." We show how this framework helps to distinguish three types of value change: value dynamism, value adaptation, and value emergence, and we illustrate these with examples from the domain of technology. We argue that our account helps to better understand how technology may induce value change, namely through the creation of what Dewey calls indeterminate situations, and we show how our account can integrate several insights on (techno)moral change offered by other authors.},
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We propose a pragmatist account of value change that helps to understand how and why values sometimes change due to technological developments. Inspired by John Dewey's writings on value, we propose to understand values as evaluative devices that carry over from earlier experiences and that are to some extent shared in society. We discuss the various functions that values fulfil in moral inquiry and propose a conceptual framework that helps to understand value change as the interaction between three manifestations of value distinguished by Dewey, i.e., "immediate value," "values as the result of inquiry" and "generalized values." We show how this framework helps to distinguish three types of value change: value dynamism, value adaptation, and value emergence, and we illustrate these with examples from the domain of technology. We argue that our account helps to better understand how technology may induce value change, namely through the creation of what Dewey calls indeterminate situations, and we show how our account can integrate several insights on (techno)moral change offered by other authors.
van de Poel, Ibo
Understanding value change Journal Article
In: Prometheus, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 7-24, 2022.
@article{RN4566,
title = {Understanding value change},
author = {Ibo van de Poel},
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Coggins, Tom N.
More work for Roomba? Domestic robots, housework and the production of privacy Journal Article
In: Prometheus, vol. 38, no. 1, 2022.
@article{RN4574,
title = {More work for Roomba? Domestic robots, housework and the production of privacy},
author = {Tom N. Coggins},
doi = {10.13169/prometheus.38.1.0098},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
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Melnyk, Anna
An Interpretation of Value Change: A Philosophical Disquisition of Climate Change and Energy Transition Debate Journal Article
In: Science, Technology, & Human Values, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 404-428, 2022.
@article{RN4561,
title = {An Interpretation of Value Change: A Philosophical Disquisition of Climate Change and Energy Transition Debate},
author = {Anna Melnyk},
url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/01622439211068040},
doi = {10.1177/01622439211068040},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
urldate = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Science, Technology, & Human Values},
volume = {47},
number = {3},
pages = {404-428},
abstract = {Changing values may give rise to intergenerational conflicts, like in the ongoing climate change and energy transition debate. This essay focuses on the interpretative question of how this value change can best be understood. To elucidate the interpretation of value change, two philosophical perspectives on value are introduced: Berlin’s value pluralism and Dworkin’s interpretivism. While both authors do not explicitly discuss value change, I argue that their perspectives can be used for interpreting value change in the case of climate change and the energy transition. I claim that Berlin’s pluralistic account of value would understand the value change as an intergenerational conflict and therefore provide a too narrow and static ground for understanding ongoing value change. Instead, by exploring Dworkin’s standpoint in moral epistemology, this essay distills a more encompassing perspective on how values may relate, converge, overlap, and change, fulfilling their functions in the course of climate change and energy transition. This perspective is further detailed by taking inspiration from Shue’s work on the (re)interpretation of equity in the climate change debate. I argue that the resulting perspective allows us to see value change as a gradual process rather than as a clash between generations and their values.},
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Changing values may give rise to intergenerational conflicts, like in the ongoing climate change and energy transition debate. This essay focuses on the interpretative question of how this value change can best be understood. To elucidate the interpretation of value change, two philosophical perspectives on value are introduced: Berlin’s value pluralism and Dworkin’s interpretivism. While both authors do not explicitly discuss value change, I argue that their perspectives can be used for interpreting value change in the case of climate change and the energy transition. I claim that Berlin’s pluralistic account of value would understand the value change as an intergenerational conflict and therefore provide a too narrow and static ground for understanding ongoing value change. Instead, by exploring Dworkin’s standpoint in moral epistemology, this essay distills a more encompassing perspective on how values may relate, converge, overlap, and change, fulfilling their functions in the course of climate change and energy transition. This perspective is further detailed by taking inspiration from Shue’s work on the (re)interpretation of equity in the climate change debate. I argue that the resulting perspective allows us to see value change as a gradual process rather than as a clash between generations and their values.
Philip J. Nickel, Olya Kudina; van de Poel, Ibo
Moral Uncertainty in Technomoral Change: Bridging the Explanatory Gap Journal Article
In: Perspectives on Science, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 260-283, 2022, ISSN: 1063-6145.
@article{RN4567,
title = {Moral Uncertainty in Technomoral Change: Bridging the Explanatory Gap},
author = {Philip J. Nickel, Olya Kudina and Ibo van de Poel},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00414},
doi = {10.1162/posc_a_00414},
issn = {1063-6145},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
urldate = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Perspectives on Science},
volume = {30},
number = {2},
pages = {260-283},
abstract = {This paper explores the role of moral uncertainty in explaining the morally disruptive character of new technologies. We argue that existing accounts of technomoral change do not fully explain its disruptiveness. This explanatory gap can be bridged by examining the epistemic dimensions of technomoral change, focusing on moral uncertainty and inquiry. To develop this account, we examine three historical cases: the introduction of the early pregnancy test, the contraception pill, and brain death. The resulting account highlights what we call “differential disruption” and provides a resource for fields such as technology assessment, ethics of technology, and responsible innovation.},
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This paper explores the role of moral uncertainty in explaining the morally disruptive character of new technologies. We argue that existing accounts of technomoral change do not fully explain its disruptiveness. This explanatory gap can be bridged by examining the epistemic dimensions of technomoral change, focusing on moral uncertainty and inquiry. To develop this account, we examine three historical cases: the introduction of the early pregnancy test, the contraception pill, and brain death. The resulting account highlights what we call “differential disruption” and provides a resource for fields such as technology assessment, ethics of technology, and responsible innovation.
de Wildt, Tristan Emile; Schweizer, Vanessa Jine
Exploring value change Journal Article
In: Prometheus, vol. 38, no. 1, 2022.
@article{RN4572,
title = {Exploring value change},
author = {Tristan Emile de Wildt and Vanessa Jine Schweizer},
doi = {10.13169/prometheus.38.1.0025},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
urldate = {2022-01-01},
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Steven Umbrello, Steffen Steinert; de Wildt, Tristan E.
Editorial: Designing for value change Journal Article
In: Prometheus, vol. 38, no. 1, 2022.
@article{RN4573,
title = {Editorial: Designing for value change},
author = {Steven Umbrello, Steffen Steinert and Tristan E. de Wildt},
doi = {10.13169/prometheus.38.1.0005},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
urldate = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Prometheus},
volume = {38},
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van de Poel, Ibo; Taebi, Behnam
Value Change in Energy Systems Journal Article
In: Science, Technology, & Human Values, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 371-379, 2022.
@article{RN4571,
title = {Value Change in Energy Systems},
author = {Ibo van de Poel and Behnam Taebi},
url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/01622439211069526},
doi = {10.1177/01622439211069526},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
urldate = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Science, Technology, & Human Values},
volume = {47},
number = {3},
pages = {371-379},
abstract = {The ongoing energy transition toward more sustainable energy systems implies a change in the values for which such systems are designed. The energy transition however is not just about sustainability but also about values like energy security and affordability, and we witness the emergence of new values like energy justice and energy democracy. How can we understand such value changes and how can or should they affect the design of future energy systems? This introduction to the special section on value change in energy systems introduces the main themes and questions. It discusses different understandings of values and value change, explains why the topic is important and how it can be methodologically studied.},
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pubstate = {published},
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The ongoing energy transition toward more sustainable energy systems implies a change in the values for which such systems are designed. The energy transition however is not just about sustainability but also about values like energy security and affordability, and we witness the emergence of new values like energy justice and energy democracy. How can we understand such value changes and how can or should they affect the design of future energy systems? This introduction to the special section on value change in energy systems introduces the main themes and questions. It discusses different understandings of values and value change, explains why the topic is important and how it can be methodologically studied.
T. E. Wildt, I. R. van de Poel; Chappin, E. J. L.
Tracing Long-term Value Change in (Energy) Technologies: Opportunities of Probabilistic Topic Models Using Large Data Sets Journal Article
In: Science, Technology, & Human Values, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 429-258, 2022.
@article{RN4218,
title = {Tracing Long-term Value Change in (Energy) Technologies: Opportunities of Probabilistic Topic Models Using Large Data Sets},
author = {T. E. Wildt, I. R. van de Poel and E. J. L. Chappin},
url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/01622439211054439},
doi = {10.1177/01622439211054439},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
urldate = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Science, Technology, & Human Values},
volume = {47},
number = {3},
pages = {429-258},
abstract = {We propose a new approach for tracing value change. Value change may lead to a mismatch between current value priorities in society and the values for which technologies were designed in the past, such as energy technologies based on fossil fuels, which were developed when sustainability was not considered a very important value. Better anticipating value change is essential to avoid a lack of social acceptance and moral acceptability of technologies. While value change can be studied historically and qualitatively, we propose a more quantitative approach that uses large text corpora. It uses probabilistic topic models, which allow us to trace (new) values that are (still) latent. We demonstrate the approach for five types of value change in technology. Our approach is useful for testing hypotheses about value change, such as verifying whether value change has occurred and identifying patterns of value change. The approach can be used to trace value change for various technologies and text corpora, including scientific articles, newspaper articles, and policy documents.},
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We propose a new approach for tracing value change. Value change may lead to a mismatch between current value priorities in society and the values for which technologies were designed in the past, such as energy technologies based on fossil fuels, which were developed when sustainability was not considered a very important value. Better anticipating value change is essential to avoid a lack of social acceptance and moral acceptability of technologies. While value change can be studied historically and qualitatively, we propose a more quantitative approach that uses large text corpora. It uses probabilistic topic models, which allow us to trace (new) values that are (still) latent. We demonstrate the approach for five types of value change in technology. Our approach is useful for testing hypotheses about value change, such as verifying whether value change has occurred and identifying patterns of value change. The approach can be used to trace value change for various technologies and text corpora, including scientific articles, newspaper articles, and policy documents.
Hopster, J. K. G.; Arora, C.; Blunden, C.; Eriksen, C.; Frank, L. E.; Hermann, J. S.; Klenk, M. B. O. T.; O’Neill, E. R. H.; Steinert, S.
Pistols, pills, pork and ploughs: the structure of technomoral revolutions Journal Article
In: Inquiry, pp. 1-33, 2022, ISSN: 0020-174X, (doi: 10.1080/0020174X.2022.2090434).
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title = {Pistols, pills, pork and ploughs: the structure of technomoral revolutions},
author = {J. K. G. Hopster and C. Arora and C. Blunden and C. Eriksen and L. E. Frank and J. S. Hermann and M. B. O. T. Klenk and E. R. H. O’Neill and S. Steinert},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/0020174X.2022.2090434},
doi = {10.1080/0020174X.2022.2090434},
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year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
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Tristan de Wildt Ibo van de Poel,; van Kooten Pássaro, Dyami
COVID-19 and Changing Values Book Chapter
In: Georgy Ishmaev Matthew J. Dennis, Steven Umbrello; van den Hoven, Jeroen (Ed.): Values for a Post-Pandemic Future, pp. 23-58, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2022, ISBN: 978-3-031-08424-9.
@inbook{RN4586,
title = {COVID-19 and Changing Values},
author = {Ibo van de Poel, Tristan de Wildt, and Dyami van Kooten Pássaro},
editor = {Matthew J. Dennis, Georgy Ishmaev, Steven Umbrello, and Jeroen van den Hoven},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08424-9_2
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-08424-9_2.pdf},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-08424-9_2},
isbn = {978-3-031-08424-9},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
urldate = {2022-01-01},
booktitle = {Values for a Post-Pandemic Future},
pages = {23-58},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
address = {Cham},
abstract = {We study value change due to the corona pandemic. With the help of topic modelling, we analysed COVID-related news articles for changes in the frequency of how often these news articles address eleven different values. We looked at news articles from six countries (US, UK, South Africa, India, Japan, South Korea) and new articles spanning a longer period (2016–20); the latter also contained non-COVID news. We find that in the first few months of the pandemic, there is a punctuated shock in the frequency in which values are addressed. While we see a sharp increase in the value of health and safety, we see a significant decline in the values of democracy, privacy, and socio-economic equality. However, after the first months, we see a move in the opposite direction, which suggests that the punctuated shock’s effect may be cancelled over time. We also present – and offer possible explanations for – differences between countries and compare our results with the literature. We do not find evidence that the COVID-19 pandemic confronts us with a moral dilemma of health versus economic welfare, or lives versus livelihoods, as has sometimes been suggested. Our study also indicates a degree of moral resilience in the studied countries, in the sense of the ability to pay attention to morally important values, despite being put under pressure during a crisis.},
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We study value change due to the corona pandemic. With the help of topic modelling, we analysed COVID-related news articles for changes in the frequency of how often these news articles address eleven different values. We looked at news articles from six countries (US, UK, South Africa, India, Japan, South Korea) and new articles spanning a longer period (2016–20); the latter also contained non-COVID news. We find that in the first few months of the pandemic, there is a punctuated shock in the frequency in which values are addressed. While we see a sharp increase in the value of health and safety, we see a significant decline in the values of democracy, privacy, and socio-economic equality. However, after the first months, we see a move in the opposite direction, which suggests that the punctuated shock’s effect may be cancelled over time. We also present – and offer possible explanations for – differences between countries and compare our results with the literature. We do not find evidence that the COVID-19 pandemic confronts us with a moral dilemma of health versus economic welfare, or lives versus livelihoods, as has sometimes been suggested. Our study also indicates a degree of moral resilience in the studied countries, in the sense of the ability to pay attention to morally important values, despite being put under pressure during a crisis.
2021
Melnyk, A; Singh, A
In: Kumar, Ankit; ö, Johanna H; Pols, Auke (Ed.): Dilemmas of Energy Transitions in the Global South, pp. 39–54, Routledge - Taylor & Francis Group, United Kingdom, 1st Edition, 2021, ISBN: 978-1-032-01546-0.
@inbook{d356917ae11240a08f55a25466b4355f,
title = {Constructing an inclusive vision of sustainable transition to decentralised energy: Local practices, knowledge, values and narratives in the case of community-managed grids in rural India},
author = {A Melnyk and A Singh},
editor = {Ankit Kumar and Johanna H ö and Auke Pols},
doi = {10.4324/9780367486457-3},
isbn = {978-1-032-01546-0},
year = {2021},
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abstract = {This chapter claims that the global Northtextquoterights vision of sustainable energy transition (SET), which informs policies and infrastructure developments, holds a partial account of diverse energy-related practices and associated values that are endemic to local communities. Referring to the EU directive, this chapter points towards the implicit bias about the role of advanced technologies in SET. The vision of SET expressed in the EU directive has the interlocked relation with market designs, economic growth and underlying rational values that might result in a mismatch with needs, values and practices of local communities. This chapter presents empirical observations from an ethnographic field-research on community-managed solar mini-grids in rural India to hint at alternative possibilities and contribute to a more inclusive vision of SET. In particular, it demonstrates that practices of improvisation, redistribution of energy and adaptation of mini-grid informed by the villagerstextquoteright social, cultural and economic needs are entangled with local knowledge and values. By learning from the local practices, knowledge, values and narratives with energy technologies, this chapter proposes to take a step towards a “big picture” of the sustainable transition to decentralised energy.},
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This chapter claims that the global Northtextquoterights vision of sustainable energy transition (SET), which informs policies and infrastructure developments, holds a partial account of diverse energy-related practices and associated values that are endemic to local communities. Referring to the EU directive, this chapter points towards the implicit bias about the role of advanced technologies in SET. The vision of SET expressed in the EU directive has the interlocked relation with market designs, economic growth and underlying rational values that might result in a mismatch with needs, values and practices of local communities. This chapter presents empirical observations from an ethnographic field-research on community-managed solar mini-grids in rural India to hint at alternative possibilities and contribute to a more inclusive vision of SET. In particular, it demonstrates that practices of improvisation, redistribution of energy and adaptation of mini-grid informed by the villagerstextquoteright social, cultural and economic needs are entangled with local knowledge and values. By learning from the local practices, knowledge, values and narratives with energy technologies, this chapter proposes to take a step towards a “big picture” of the sustainable transition to decentralised energy.
van de Poel, I R
Values and Design Book Chapter
In: Michelfelder, Diane P; Doorn, Neelke (Ed.): The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Engineering, Chapter 22, pp. 300–314, Routledge - Taylor & Francis Group, United Kingdom, 2021, ISBN: 9781138244955.
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title = {Values and Design},
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abstract = {It has long been recognized that technology is value-laden. In the last few decades, a number of approaches—such as value sensitive design (VSD)—have been developed to systematically and explicitly address values in design. This contribution discusses four general issues that any approach aiming at integrating values into design should address: (1) what values are, and how to identify the values that should be integrated into a particular design; (2) the conceptualization, operationalization and specification of values which is required to make values operational in the design process; (3) issues of conflicting values and possible ways to address them; (4) the possibility of value change and options to address it during design.},
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It has long been recognized that technology is value-laden. In the last few decades, a number of approaches—such as value sensitive design (VSD)—have been developed to systematically and explicitly address values in design. This contribution discusses four general issues that any approach aiming at integrating values into design should address: (1) what values are, and how to identify the values that should be integrated into a particular design; (2) the conceptualization, operationalization and specification of values which is required to make values operational in the design process; (3) issues of conflicting values and possible ways to address them; (4) the possibility of value change and options to address it during design.
2020
van de Poel, Ibo
Embedding Values in Artificial Intelligence (AI) Systems Journal Article
In: Minds and Machines, 2020.
@article{vandePoel2020,
title = {Embedding Values in Artificial Intelligence (AI) Systems},
author = {Ibo van de Poel},
url = {https://link-springer-com.tudelft.idm.oclc.org/article/10.1007/s11023-020-09537-4},
doi = {DOI: 10.1007/s11023-020-09537-4},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-09-01},
urldate = {2020-09-01},
journal = {Minds and Machines},
abstract = {Organizations such as the EU High-Level Expert Group on AI and the IEEE have recently formulated ethical principles and (moral) values that should be adhered to in the design and deployment of artificial intelligence (AI). These include respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, fairness, transparency, explainability, and accountability. But how can we ensure and verify that an AI system actually respects these values? To help answer this question, I propose an account for determining when an AI system can be said to embody certain values. This account understands embodied values as the result of design activities intended to embed those values in such systems. AI systems are here understood as a special kind of sociotechnical system that, like traditional sociotechnical systems, are composed of technical artifacts, human agents, and institutions but—in addition—contain artificial agents and certain technical norms that regulate interactions between artificial agents and other elements of the system. The specific challenges and opportunities of embedding values in AI systems are discussed, and some lessons for better embedding values in AI systems are drawn.},
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Organizations such as the EU High-Level Expert Group on AI and the IEEE have recently formulated ethical principles and (moral) values that should be adhered to in the design and deployment of artificial intelligence (AI). These include respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, fairness, transparency, explainability, and accountability. But how can we ensure and verify that an AI system actually respects these values? To help answer this question, I propose an account for determining when an AI system can be said to embody certain values. This account understands embodied values as the result of design activities intended to embed those values in such systems. AI systems are here understood as a special kind of sociotechnical system that, like traditional sociotechnical systems, are composed of technical artifacts, human agents, and institutions but—in addition—contain artificial agents and certain technical norms that regulate interactions between artificial agents and other elements of the system. The specific challenges and opportunities of embedding values in AI systems are discussed, and some lessons for better embedding values in AI systems are drawn.
van de Poel, Ibo; Taebi, Behnam; de Wildt, Tristan
Accounting for Values in the Development and Design of New Nuclear Reactors Journal Article
In: The Bridge, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 59-65, 2020.
@article{RN3920,
title = {Accounting for Values in the Development and Design of New Nuclear Reactors},
author = {Ibo van de Poel and Behnam Taebi and Tristan de Wildt},
url = {https://www.nae.edu/239186/Accounting-for-Values-in-the-Development-and-Design-of-New-Nuclear-Reactors},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
urldate = {2020-01-01},
journal = {The Bridge},
volume = {50},
number = {3},
pages = {59-65},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Steinert, Steffen
Corona and value change. The role of social media and emotional contagion Journal Article
In: Ethics and Information Technology, 2020, ISSN: 1388-1957, 1572-8439.
@article{steinert_corona_2020,
title = {Corona and value change. The role of social media and emotional contagion},
author = {Steffen Steinert},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10676-020-09545-z},
doi = {10.1007/s10676-020-09545-z},
issn = {1388-1957, 1572-8439},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
urldate = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Ethics and Information Technology},
abstract = {People share their emotions on social media and evidence suggests that in times of crisis people are especially motivated to post emotional content. The current Coronavirus pandemic is such a crisis. The online sharing of emotional content during the Coronavirus crisis may contribute to societal value change. Emotion sharing via social media could lead to emotional contagion which in turn could facilitate an emotional climate in a society. In turn, the emotional climate of a society can influence society’s value structure. The emotions that spread in the current Coronavirus crisis are predominantly negative, which could result in a negative emotional climate. Based on the dynamic relations of values to each other and the way that emotions relate to values, a negative emotional climate can contribute to societal value change towards values related to security preservation and threat avoidance. As a consequence, a negative emotional climate and the shift in values could lead to a change in political attitudes that has implications for rights, freedom, privacy and moral progress. Considering the impact of social media in terms of emotional contagion and a longer-lasting value change is an important perspective in thinking about the ethical long-term impact of social media technology.},
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People share their emotions on social media and evidence suggests that in times of crisis people are especially motivated to post emotional content. The current Coronavirus pandemic is such a crisis. The online sharing of emotional content during the Coronavirus crisis may contribute to societal value change. Emotion sharing via social media could lead to emotional contagion which in turn could facilitate an emotional climate in a society. In turn, the emotional climate of a society can influence society’s value structure. The emotions that spread in the current Coronavirus crisis are predominantly negative, which could result in a negative emotional climate. Based on the dynamic relations of values to each other and the way that emotions relate to values, a negative emotional climate can contribute to societal value change towards values related to security preservation and threat avoidance. As a consequence, a negative emotional climate and the shift in values could lead to a change in political attitudes that has implications for rights, freedom, privacy and moral progress. Considering the impact of social media in terms of emotional contagion and a longer-lasting value change is an important perspective in thinking about the ethical long-term impact of social media technology.
Klenk, Michael
How Do Technological Artefacts Embody Moral Values? Journal Article
In: Philosophy & Technology, 2020, ISSN: 2210-5441.
@article{RN3917,
title = {How Do Technological Artefacts Embody Moral Values?},
author = {Michael Klenk},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00401-y},
doi = {10.1007/s13347-020-00401-y},
issn = {2210-5441},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Philosophy & Technology},
abstract = {According to some philosophers of technology, technology embodies moral values in virtue of its functional properties and the intentions of its designers. But this paper shows that such an account makes the values supposedly embedded in technology epistemically opaque and that it does not allow for values to change. Therefore, to overcome these shortcomings, the paper introduces the novel Affordance Account of Value Embedding as a superior alternative. Accordingly, artefacts bear affordances, that is, artefacts make certain actions likelier given the circumstances. Based on an interdisciplinary perspective that invokes recent moral anthropology, I conceptualize affordances as response-dependent properties. That is, they depend on intrinsic as well as extrinsic properties of the artefact. We have reason to value these properties. Therefore, artefacts embody values and are not value-neutral, which has practical implications for the design of new technologies.},
keywords = {},
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According to some philosophers of technology, technology embodies moral values in virtue of its functional properties and the intentions of its designers. But this paper shows that such an account makes the values supposedly embedded in technology epistemically opaque and that it does not allow for values to change. Therefore, to overcome these shortcomings, the paper introduces the novel Affordance Account of Value Embedding as a superior alternative. Accordingly, artefacts bear affordances, that is, artefacts make certain actions likelier given the circumstances. Based on an interdisciplinary perspective that invokes recent moral anthropology, I conceptualize affordances as response-dependent properties. That is, they depend on intrinsic as well as extrinsic properties of the artefact. We have reason to value these properties. Therefore, artefacts embody values and are not value-neutral, which has practical implications for the design of new technologies.
Boenink, Marianne; Kudina, Olya
Values in responsible research and innovation: from entities to practices Journal Article
In: Journal of Responsible Innovation, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 450–470, 2020, ISSN: 2329-9460.
@article{d7ab979cbf584a688533d285c7cd17d5,
title = {Values in responsible research and innovation: from entities to practices},
author = {Marianne Boenink and Olya Kudina},
doi = {10.1080/23299460.2020.1806451},
issn = {2329-9460},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
urldate = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Responsible Innovation},
volume = {7},
number = {3},
pages = {450--470},
publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
abstract = {This article explores the understanding of values in Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI). First, it analyses how two mainstream RRI approaches, the largely substantial one by Von Schomberg and the procedural one by Stilgoe and colleagues, identify and conceptualize values. We argue that by treating values as relatively stable entities, directly available for reflection, both fall into an entity trap. As a result, the hermeneutic work required to identify values is overlooked. We therefore seek to bolster a practice-based take on values, which approaches values as the evolving results of valuing processes. We highlight how this approach views values as lived realities, interactive and dynamic, discuss methodological implications for RRI, and explore potential limitations. Overall, the strength of this approach is that it enables RRI scholars and practitioners to better acknowledge the complexities involved in valuing.},
keywords = {},
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This article explores the understanding of values in Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI). First, it analyses how two mainstream RRI approaches, the largely substantial one by Von Schomberg and the procedural one by Stilgoe and colleagues, identify and conceptualize values. We argue that by treating values as relatively stable entities, directly available for reflection, both fall into an entity trap. As a result, the hermeneutic work required to identify values is overlooked. We therefore seek to bolster a practice-based take on values, which approaches values as the evolving results of valuing processes. We highlight how this approach views values as lived realities, interactive and dynamic, discuss methodological implications for RRI, and explore potential limitations. Overall, the strength of this approach is that it enables RRI scholars and practitioners to better acknowledge the complexities involved in valuing.
de Reuver, Mark; van Wynsberghe, Aimee; Janssen, Marijn; van de Poel, Ibo
Digital platforms and responsible innovation: expanding value sensitive design to overcome ontological uncertainty Journal Article
In: Ethics and Information Technology, 2020, ISSN: 1572-8439.
@article{RN3931,
title = {Digital platforms and responsible innovation: expanding value sensitive design to overcome ontological uncertainty},
author = {Mark de Reuver and Aimee van Wynsberghe and Marijn Janssen and Ibo van de Poel},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-020-09537-z},
doi = {10.1007/s10676-020-09537-z},
issn = {1572-8439},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
urldate = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Ethics and Information Technology},
abstract = {In this paper, we argue that the characteristics of digital platforms challenge the fundamental assumptions of value sensitive design (VSD). Traditionally, VSD methods assume that we can identify relevant values during the design phase of new technologies. The underlying assumption is that there is only epistemic uncertainty about which values will be impacted by a technology. VSD methods suggest that one can predict which values will be affected by new technologies by increasing knowledge about how values are interpreted or understood in context. In contrast, digital platforms exhibit a novel form of uncertainty, namely, ontological uncertainty: even with full information and overview, it cannot be foreseen what users or developers will do with digital platforms. Hence, predictions about which values are affected might not hold. In this paper, we suggest expanding VSD methods to account for value dynamism resulting from ontological uncertainty. Our expansions involve (1) extending VSD to the entire lifecycle of a platform, (2) broadening VSD through the addition of reflexivity, i.e. second-order learning about what values to aim at, and (3) adding specific tools of moral sandboxing and moral prototyping to enhance such reflexivity. While we illustrate our approach with a short case study about ride-sharing platforms such as Uber, our approach is relevant for other technologies exhibiting ontological uncertainty as well, such as machine learning, robotics and artificial intelligence.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
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In this paper, we argue that the characteristics of digital platforms challenge the fundamental assumptions of value sensitive design (VSD). Traditionally, VSD methods assume that we can identify relevant values during the design phase of new technologies. The underlying assumption is that there is only epistemic uncertainty about which values will be impacted by a technology. VSD methods suggest that one can predict which values will be affected by new technologies by increasing knowledge about how values are interpreted or understood in context. In contrast, digital platforms exhibit a novel form of uncertainty, namely, ontological uncertainty: even with full information and overview, it cannot be foreseen what users or developers will do with digital platforms. Hence, predictions about which values are affected might not hold. In this paper, we suggest expanding VSD methods to account for value dynamism resulting from ontological uncertainty. Our expansions involve (1) extending VSD to the entire lifecycle of a platform, (2) broadening VSD through the addition of reflexivity, i.e. second-order learning about what values to aim at, and (3) adding specific tools of moral sandboxing and moral prototyping to enhance such reflexivity. While we illustrate our approach with a short case study about ride-sharing platforms such as Uber, our approach is relevant for other technologies exhibiting ontological uncertainty as well, such as machine learning, robotics and artificial intelligence.
2018
van de Poel, Ibo
Design for value change Journal Article
In: Ethics and Information Technology, 2018, ISSN: 1572-8439.
@article{vandePoel2018,
title = {Design for value change},
author = {Ibo van de Poel},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-018-9461-9},
doi = {10.1007/s10676-018-9461-9},
issn = {1572-8439},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-06-26},
urldate = {2018-06-26},
journal = {Ethics and Information Technology},
abstract = {In the value sensitive design (VSD) literature, there has been little attention for how values may change during the adoption and use of a sociotechnical system, and what that implies for design. A value change taxonomy is proposed, as well as a number of technical features that allow dealing with value change.},
keywords = {},
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In the value sensitive design (VSD) literature, there has been little attention for how values may change during the adoption and use of a sociotechnical system, and what that implies for design. A value change taxonomy is proposed, as well as a number of technical features that allow dealing with value change.
Other Publications
Other publications that have resulted from the project
2022
Marin, Lavinia; Steinert, Steffen
Twisted thinking: Technology, values and critical thinking Journal Article
In: Prometheus, vol. 38, no. 1, 2022.
@article{RN4575,
title = {Twisted thinking: Technology, values and critical thinking},
author = {Lavinia Marin and Steffen Steinert},
doi = {10.13169/prometheus.38.1.0124},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
urldate = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Prometheus},
volume = {38},
number = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Steinert, Steffen; Dennis, Matthew James
Emotions and Digital Well-Being: on Social Media’s Emotional Affordances Journal Article
In: Philosophy & Technology, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 36, 2022, ISSN: 2210-5441.
@article{RN4578,
title = {Emotions and Digital Well-Being: on Social Media’s Emotional Affordances},
author = {Steffen Steinert and Matthew James Dennis},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-022-00530-6},
doi = {10.1007/s13347-022-00530-6},
issn = {2210-5441},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
urldate = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Philosophy & Technology},
volume = {35},
number = {2},
pages = {36},
abstract = {Social media technologies (SMTs) are routinely identified as a strong and pervasive threat to digital well-being (DWB). Extended screen time sessions, chronic distractions via notifications, and fragmented workflows have all been blamed on how these technologies ruthlessly undermine our ability to exercise quintessential human faculties. One reason SMTs can do this is because they powerfully affect our emotions. Nevertheless, (1) how social media technology affects our emotional life and (2) how these emotions relate to our digital well-being remain unexplored. Remedying this is important because ethical insights into (1) and (2) open the possibility of designing for social media technologies in ways that actively reinforce our digital well-being. In this article, we examine the way social media technologies facilitate online emotions because of emotional affordances. This has important implications for evaluating the ethical implications of today’s social media platforms, as well as for how we design future ones.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
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Social media technologies (SMTs) are routinely identified as a strong and pervasive threat to digital well-being (DWB). Extended screen time sessions, chronic distractions via notifications, and fragmented workflows have all been blamed on how these technologies ruthlessly undermine our ability to exercise quintessential human faculties. One reason SMTs can do this is because they powerfully affect our emotions. Nevertheless, (1) how social media technology affects our emotional life and (2) how these emotions relate to our digital well-being remain unexplored. Remedying this is important because ethical insights into (1) and (2) open the possibility of designing for social media technologies in ways that actively reinforce our digital well-being. In this article, we examine the way social media technologies facilitate online emotions because of emotional affordances. This has important implications for evaluating the ethical implications of today’s social media platforms, as well as for how we design future ones.
van de Poel, Ibo
Socially Disruptive Technologies, Contextual Integrity, and Conservatism About Moral Change Journal Article
In: Philosophy & Technology, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 82, 2022, ISSN: 2210-5441.
@article{RN4582,
title = {Socially Disruptive Technologies, Contextual Integrity, and Conservatism About Moral Change},
author = {Ibo van de Poel},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-022-00578-4},
doi = {10.1007/s13347-022-00578-4},
issn = {2210-5441},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
urldate = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Philosophy & Technology},
volume = {35},
number = {3},
pages = {82},
abstract = {This commentary is a response to Contextual Integrity as a General Conceptual Tool for Evaluating Technological Change by Elizabeth O’Neill (Philosophy & Technology (2022)). It argues that while contextual integrity (CI) might be an useful addition to the toolkit of approaches for ethical technology assessment, a CI approach might not be able to uncover all morally relevant impacts of technological change. Moreover, the inherent conservatism of a CI approach might be problematic in cases in which we encounter new kinds of morally problematic situations, such as climate change, or when technology reinforces historically grown injustices.},
keywords = {},
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This commentary is a response to Contextual Integrity as a General Conceptual Tool for Evaluating Technological Change by Elizabeth O’Neill (Philosophy & Technology (2022)). It argues that while contextual integrity (CI) might be an useful addition to the toolkit of approaches for ethical technology assessment, a CI approach might not be able to uncover all morally relevant impacts of technological change. Moreover, the inherent conservatism of a CI approach might be problematic in cases in which we encounter new kinds of morally problematic situations, such as climate change, or when technology reinforces historically grown injustices.
Klenk, Michael
Manipulation, injustice, and technology Book Chapter
In: Jongepier, Fleur; Klenk, Michael (Ed.): The Philosophy of Online Manipulation, pp. 108-131, Routledge, London, 2022.
@inbook{RN4632,
title = {Manipulation, injustice, and technology},
author = {Michael Klenk},
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doi = {https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003205425-7},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
urldate = {2022-01-01},
booktitle = {The Philosophy of Online Manipulation},
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2021
Klenk, Michael; de Poel, Ibo Van
COVID-19, uncertainty, and moral experiments Journal Article
In: History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, vol. 43, no. 1, 2021, ISSN: 0391-9714.
@article{35c2dfa629b448cdb30e845a0aa404f5,
title = {COVID-19, uncertainty, and moral experiments},
author = {Michael Klenk and Ibo Van de Poel},
doi = {10.1007/s40656-020-00360-9},
issn = {0391-9714},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences},
volume = {43},
number = {1},
abstract = {Pandemics like COVID-19 confront us with decisions about life and death that come with great uncertainty, factual as well as moral. How should policy makers deal with such uncertainty? We suggest that rather than to deliberate until they have found the right course of action, they better do moral experiments that generate relevant experiences to enable more reliable moral evaluations and rational decisions.},
keywords = {},
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Pandemics like COVID-19 confront us with decisions about life and death that come with great uncertainty, factual as well as moral. How should policy makers deal with such uncertainty? We suggest that rather than to deliberate until they have found the right course of action, they better do moral experiments that generate relevant experiences to enable more reliable moral evaluations and rational decisions.
Klenk, Michael
(Online) manipulation: sometimes hidden, always careless Journal Article
In: Review of Social Economy, 2021, ISSN: 0034-6764.
@article{fd13b1ba74184996968350e293193bf2,
title = {(Online) manipulation: sometimes hidden, always careless},
author = {Michael Klenk},
doi = {10.1080/00346764.2021.1894350},
issn = {0034-6764},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Review of Social Economy},
publisher = {Routledge - Taylor & Francis Group},
abstract = {Ever-increasing numbers of human interactions with intelligent software agents, online and offline, and their increasing ability to influence humans have prompted a surge in attention toward the concept of (online) manipulation. Several scholars have argued that manipulative influence is always hidden. But manipulation is sometimes overt, and when this is acknowledged the distinction between manipulation and other forms of social influence becomes problematic. Therefore, we need a better conceptualisation of manipulation that allows it to be overt and yet clearly distinct from related concepts of social influence. I argue that manipulation is careless influence, show how this account helps to alleviate the shortcomings of the hidden influence view of manipulation, and derive implications for digital ethics.},
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Ever-increasing numbers of human interactions with intelligent software agents, online and offline, and their increasing ability to influence humans have prompted a surge in attention toward the concept of (online) manipulation. Several scholars have argued that manipulative influence is always hidden. But manipulation is sometimes overt, and when this is acknowledged the distinction between manipulation and other forms of social influence becomes problematic. Therefore, we need a better conceptualisation of manipulation that allows it to be overt and yet clearly distinct from related concepts of social influence. I argue that manipulation is careless influence, show how this account helps to alleviate the shortcomings of the hidden influence view of manipulation, and derive implications for digital ethics.
Umbrello, Steven; van de Poel, I R
Mapping value sensitive design onto AI for social good principles Journal Article
In: AI and Ethics, 2021, ISSN: 2730-5961.
@article{edfc535999d64e1ab291597a99c16003,
title = {Mapping value sensitive design onto AI for social good principles},
author = {Steven Umbrello and I R {van de Poel}},
doi = {10.1007/s43681-021-00038-3},
issn = {2730-5961},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {AI and Ethics},
publisher = {Springer},
abstract = {Value sensitive design (VSD) is an established method for integrating values into technical design. It has been applied to different technologies and, more recently, to artificial intelligence (AI). We argue that AI poses a number of challenges specific to VSD that require a somewhat modified VSD approach. Machine learning (ML), in particular, poses two challenges. First, humans may not understand how an AI system learns certain things. This requires paying attention to values such as transparency, explicability, and accountability. Second, ML may lead to AI systems adapting in ways that textquoteleftdisembodytextquoteright the values embedded in them. To address this, we propose a threefold modified VSD approach: (1) integrating a known set of VSD principles (AI4SG) as design norms from which more specific design requirements can be derived; (2) distinguishing between values that are promoted and respected by the design to ensure outcomes that not only do no harm but also contribute to good, and (3) extending the VSD process to encompass the whole life cycle of an AI technology to monitor unintended value consequences and redesign as needed. We illustrate our VSD for AI approach with an example use case of a SARS-CoV-2 contact tracing app.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
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}
Value sensitive design (VSD) is an established method for integrating values into technical design. It has been applied to different technologies and, more recently, to artificial intelligence (AI). We argue that AI poses a number of challenges specific to VSD that require a somewhat modified VSD approach. Machine learning (ML), in particular, poses two challenges. First, humans may not understand how an AI system learns certain things. This requires paying attention to values such as transparency, explicability, and accountability. Second, ML may lead to AI systems adapting in ways that textquoteleftdisembodytextquoteright the values embedded in them. To address this, we propose a threefold modified VSD approach: (1) integrating a known set of VSD principles (AI4SG) as design norms from which more specific design requirements can be derived; (2) distinguishing between values that are promoted and respected by the design to ensure outcomes that not only do no harm but also contribute to good, and (3) extending the VSD process to encompass the whole life cycle of an AI technology to monitor unintended value consequences and redesign as needed. We illustrate our VSD for AI approach with an example use case of a SARS-CoV-2 contact tracing app.
van de Poel, I R
RRI measurement and assessment: Some pitfalls and a proposed way forward Book Chapter
In: Yaghmaei, Emad; van de Poel, Ibo (Ed.): Assessment of Responsible Innovation, Chapter 14, pp. 339–360, Routledge - Taylor & Francis Group, United Kingdom, 1, 2021.
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abstract = {The idea of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) has become popular over the last decade to ensure that innovators take into account the social and ethical concerns that their innovations may raise, and organize their innovation processes so that they respond to the needs and values of society. In recent years, there has been increasing attention on assessing and measuring the RRI performance of innovators. A number of RRI assessment tools and measurement scales have been proposed. This contribution provides a conceptual framework to identify potential pitfalls of RRI measurement and assessment, and illustrates it on the basis of a number of RRI assessment approaches proposed in the literature. Two main categories of pitfalls are discussed, i.e. pitfalls in measuring RRI and pitfalls that arise from the strategic setting in which RRI assessment is applied. These two categories of pitfalls may reinforce each other. In order to navigate these pitfalls, a sharper distinction should be made between three underlying rationales for doing RRI assessment, i.e. learning, accountability and incentivizing. These underlying rationales correspond to different, and conflicting, requirements for RRI assessment methods.},
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The idea of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) has become popular over the last decade to ensure that innovators take into account the social and ethical concerns that their innovations may raise, and organize their innovation processes so that they respond to the needs and values of society. In recent years, there has been increasing attention on assessing and measuring the RRI performance of innovators. A number of RRI assessment tools and measurement scales have been proposed. This contribution provides a conceptual framework to identify potential pitfalls of RRI measurement and assessment, and illustrates it on the basis of a number of RRI assessment approaches proposed in the literature. Two main categories of pitfalls are discussed, i.e. pitfalls in measuring RRI and pitfalls that arise from the strategic setting in which RRI assessment is applied. These two categories of pitfalls may reinforce each other. In order to navigate these pitfalls, a sharper distinction should be made between three underlying rationales for doing RRI assessment, i.e. learning, accountability and incentivizing. These underlying rationales correspond to different, and conflicting, requirements for RRI assessment methods.
van Gelder, Pieter; Taebi, Behnam; van Ommen, Ruud; van de Poel, Ibo; Asveld, Lotte; Balkenende, Ruud; Hollmann, Frank; van Kampen, Erik Jan; Krebbers, Robbert; de Lange, Jos; Terwel, Karel; Visser, Eelco; Authors, More
Safe-by-design in engineering: An overview and comparative analysis of engineering disciplines Journal Article
In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 18, no. 12, 2021, ISSN: 1660-4601.
@article{8104ecbe9ca9470fae3d492881743f9e,
title = {Safe-by-design in engineering: An overview and comparative analysis of engineering disciplines},
author = {Pieter van Gelder and Behnam Taebi and Ruud van Ommen and Ibo van de Poel and Lotte Asveld and Ruud Balkenende and Frank Hollmann and Erik Jan van Kampen and Robbert Krebbers and Jos de Lange and Karel Terwel and Eelco Visser and More Authors},
doi = {10.3390/ijerph18126329},
issn = {1660-4601},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
volume = {18},
number = {12},
publisher = {MDPI},
abstract = {In this paper, we provide an overview of how Safe-by-Design is conceived and applied in practice in a large number of engineering disciplines. We discuss the differences, commonalities, and possibilities for mutual learning found in those practices and identify several ways of putting those disciplinary outlooks in perspective. The considered engineering disciplines in the order of historically grown technologies are construction engineering, chemical engineering, aerospace engineering, urban engineering, software engineering, bio-engineering, nano-engineering, and finally cyber space engineering. Each discipline is briefly introduced, the technology at issue is described, the relevant or dominant hazards are examined, the social challenge(s) are observed, and the relevant developments in the field are described. Within each discipline the risk management strategies, the design principles promoting safety or safety awareness, and associated methods or tools are discussed. Possible dilemmas that the designers in the discipline face are highlighted. Each discipline is concluded by discussing the opportunities and bottlenecks in addressing safety. Commonalities and differences between the engineering disciplines are investigated, specifically on the design strategies for which empirical data have been collected. We argue that Safe-by-Design is best considered as a specific elaboration of Responsible Research and Innovation, with an explicit focus on safety in relation to other important values in engineering such as well-being, sustainability, equity, and affordability. Safe-by-Design provides for an intellectual venue where social science and the humanities (SSH) collaborate on technological developments and innovation by helping to proactively incorporate safety considerations into engineering practices, while navigating between the extremes of technological optimism and disproportionate precaution. As such, Safe-by-Design is also a practical tool for policymakers and risk assessors that helps shape governance arrangements for accommodating and incentivizing safety, while fully acknowledging uncertainty.},
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In this paper, we provide an overview of how Safe-by-Design is conceived and applied in practice in a large number of engineering disciplines. We discuss the differences, commonalities, and possibilities for mutual learning found in those practices and identify several ways of putting those disciplinary outlooks in perspective. The considered engineering disciplines in the order of historically grown technologies are construction engineering, chemical engineering, aerospace engineering, urban engineering, software engineering, bio-engineering, nano-engineering, and finally cyber space engineering. Each discipline is briefly introduced, the technology at issue is described, the relevant or dominant hazards are examined, the social challenge(s) are observed, and the relevant developments in the field are described. Within each discipline the risk management strategies, the design principles promoting safety or safety awareness, and associated methods or tools are discussed. Possible dilemmas that the designers in the discipline face are highlighted. Each discipline is concluded by discussing the opportunities and bottlenecks in addressing safety. Commonalities and differences between the engineering disciplines are investigated, specifically on the design strategies for which empirical data have been collected. We argue that Safe-by-Design is best considered as a specific elaboration of Responsible Research and Innovation, with an explicit focus on safety in relation to other important values in engineering such as well-being, sustainability, equity, and affordability. Safe-by-Design provides for an intellectual venue where social science and the humanities (SSH) collaborate on technological developments and innovation by helping to proactively incorporate safety considerations into engineering practices, while navigating between the extremes of technological optimism and disproportionate precaution. As such, Safe-by-Design is also a practical tool for policymakers and risk assessors that helps shape governance arrangements for accommodating and incentivizing safety, while fully acknowledging uncertainty.
van de Poel, I R
Werthaltigkeit der Technik Book Chapter
In: Grunwald, Armin; Hillerbrand, Rafaela (Ed.): Handbuch Technikethik, pp. 132–136, J.B. Metzler, Germany, 2021, ISBN: 978-3-476-04900-1, (Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository textquoteleftYou share, we take care!textquoteright – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.).
@inbook{9fc5d0ff4b8c4bf38735ce75d209de8e,
title = {Werthaltigkeit der Technik},
author = {I R van de Poel},
editor = {Armin Grunwald and Rafaela Hillerbrand},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-476-05333-6_25},
isbn = {978-3-476-04900-1},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
booktitle = {Handbuch Technikethik},
pages = {132--136},
publisher = {J.B. Metzler},
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abstract = {Technologie ist eng mit Werten verbunden. Gelegentlich gefährden Technologien bestimmte Werte, beispielsweise Gesundheit und Sicherheit, so wie es 2011 bei der Atomkatastrophe in Fukushima der Fall war. Aber Technologien können auch Werte unterstützen, wie beispielsweise das menschliche Wohlbefinden, die Demokratie oder den Schutz der Privatsphäre. Zunächst werden in diesem Kapitel, einigen üblichen Differenzierungen der Moralphilosophie zwischen verschiedenen Arten von Werten folgend, zwischen instrumentalen und terminalen Werten sowie zwischen intrinsischen und extrinsischen Werten unterschieden. Danach wird die These der Wertneutralität der Technologie besprochen und kritisiert. Anschließend werden kurz einige der wichtigsten internen und externen Werte im Zusammenhang mit Technik diskutiert.},
note = {Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository textquoteleftYou share, we take care!textquoteright – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.},
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Technologie ist eng mit Werten verbunden. Gelegentlich gefährden Technologien bestimmte Werte, beispielsweise Gesundheit und Sicherheit, so wie es 2011 bei der Atomkatastrophe in Fukushima der Fall war. Aber Technologien können auch Werte unterstützen, wie beispielsweise das menschliche Wohlbefinden, die Demokratie oder den Schutz der Privatsphäre. Zunächst werden in diesem Kapitel, einigen üblichen Differenzierungen der Moralphilosophie zwischen verschiedenen Arten von Werten folgend, zwischen instrumentalen und terminalen Werten sowie zwischen intrinsischen und extrinsischen Werten unterschieden. Danach wird die These der Wertneutralität der Technologie besprochen und kritisiert. Anschließend werden kurz einige der wichtigsten internen und externen Werte im Zusammenhang mit Technik diskutiert.
Steen, Marc; Sand, M; van de Poel, I R
Virtue Ethics for Responsible Innovation Journal Article
In: Business and Professional Ethics Journal, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 243–268, 2021, ISSN: 0277-2027.
@article{2fa743e22d824ffb826c8a6e9f717f3e,
title = {Virtue Ethics for Responsible Innovation},
author = {Marc Steen and M Sand and I R van de Poel},
doi = {10.5840/bpej2021319108},
issn = {0277-2027},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Business and Professional Ethics Journal},
volume = {40},
number = {2},
pages = {243--268},
publisher = {Philosophy Documentation Center},
abstract = {Governments and companies are increasingly promoting and organizing Responsible Innovation. It is, however, unclear how the seemingly incompatible demands for responsibility, which is associated with care and caution, can be harmonized with demands for innovation, which is associated with risk-taking and speed. We turn to the tradition of virtue ethics and argue that it can be a strong accomplice to Responsible Innovation by focussing on the agential side of innovation. Virtue ethics offers an adequate response to the epistemic and moral complexity in innovation and encourages moral behaviour. We enumerate a number of virtues that people involved in Responsible Innovation would need to cultivate both related to responsibility, such as justice, anticipation, civility and inclusion, and virtues related to innovation, such as courage, dedication, curiosity and creativity. We put forward practical wisdom (phronesis) as a key virtue to regulate relevant virtues and to deal with the tension between responsibility and innovation. Practical wisdom helps an agent to find an appropriate mean in exercising and expressing the other virtues—where the mean is relative to the specific context of action and the role and abilities of the agent.},
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Governments and companies are increasingly promoting and organizing Responsible Innovation. It is, however, unclear how the seemingly incompatible demands for responsibility, which is associated with care and caution, can be harmonized with demands for innovation, which is associated with risk-taking and speed. We turn to the tradition of virtue ethics and argue that it can be a strong accomplice to Responsible Innovation by focussing on the agential side of innovation. Virtue ethics offers an adequate response to the epistemic and moral complexity in innovation and encourages moral behaviour. We enumerate a number of virtues that people involved in Responsible Innovation would need to cultivate both related to responsibility, such as justice, anticipation, civility and inclusion, and virtues related to innovation, such as courage, dedication, curiosity and creativity. We put forward practical wisdom (phronesis) as a key virtue to regulate relevant virtues and to deal with the tension between responsibility and innovation. Practical wisdom helps an agent to find an appropriate mean in exercising and expressing the other virtues—where the mean is relative to the specific context of action and the role and abilities of the agent.
de Wildt, Tristan E; Boijmans, Anne R; Chappin, Emile J L; Herder, Paulien M
An ex ante assessment of value conflicts and social acceptance of sustainable heating systems: An agent-based modelling approach Journal Article
In: Energy Policy, vol. 153, 2021, ISSN: 0301-4215.
@article{9bd202bcf9e14454be260df496e97e51,
title = {An ex ante assessment of value conflicts and social acceptance of sustainable heating systems: An agent-based modelling approach},
author = {Tristan E de Wildt and Anne R Boijmans and Emile J L Chappin and Paulien M Herder},
doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112265},
issn = {0301-4215},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
urldate = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Energy Policy},
volume = {153},
publisher = {Elsevier},
abstract = {This paper demonstrates an approach to assess, ex ante, the social acceptance of sustainable heating systems in city districts. More sustainable heating systems are required in city districts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, these systems may lack social acceptance as they often require significant adjustments to homes and may lead to a noticeable loss of in-home thermal comfort. Predicting social acceptance is often difficult due to the long-term planning horizon for energy systems. It is therefore unclear which design requirements and policy guidelines need to be specified ex ante. We suggest an approach to anticipate social acceptance by identifying value conflicts embedded in sustainable heating systems in specific social settings. These value conflicts might cause a lack of social acceptance over time due to value change. We demonstrate this approach using a case of community-driven heating initiative in The Hague, the Netherlands. We identify value conflicts embedded in various sustainable heating systems using an agent-based model. We formulate scenarios of value change to understand the severity of resulting social acceptance issues and discuss suitable heating systems for the city district. The approach can be used to support the decision-making process of policymakers at the local level, even in situations of limited local expertise.},
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This paper demonstrates an approach to assess, ex ante, the social acceptance of sustainable heating systems in city districts. More sustainable heating systems are required in city districts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, these systems may lack social acceptance as they often require significant adjustments to homes and may lead to a noticeable loss of in-home thermal comfort. Predicting social acceptance is often difficult due to the long-term planning horizon for energy systems. It is therefore unclear which design requirements and policy guidelines need to be specified ex ante. We suggest an approach to anticipate social acceptance by identifying value conflicts embedded in sustainable heating systems in specific social settings. These value conflicts might cause a lack of social acceptance over time due to value change. We demonstrate this approach using a case of community-driven heating initiative in The Hague, the Netherlands. We identify value conflicts embedded in various sustainable heating systems using an agent-based model. We formulate scenarios of value change to understand the severity of resulting social acceptance issues and discuss suitable heating systems for the city district. The approach can be used to support the decision-making process of policymakers at the local level, even in situations of limited local expertise.
Kudina, Olya
“Alexa, who am I?”: Voice Assistants and Hermeneutic Lemniscate as the Technologically Mediated Sense-Making Journal Article
In: Human Studies, 2021, ISSN: 1572-851X.
@article{RN4249,
title = {“Alexa, who am I?”: Voice Assistants and Hermeneutic Lemniscate as the Technologically Mediated Sense-Making},
author = {Olya Kudina},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-021-09572-9},
doi = {10.1007/s10746-021-09572-9},
issn = {1572-851X},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
urldate = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Human Studies},
abstract = {In this paper, I argue that AI-powered voice assistants, just as all technologies, actively mediate our interpretative structures, including values. I show this by explaining the productive role of technologies in the way people make sense of themselves and those around them. More specifically, I rely on the hermeneutics of Gadamer and the material hermeneutics of Ihde to develop a hermeneutic lemniscate as a principle of technologically mediated sense-making. The lemniscate principle links people, technologies and the sociocultural world in the joint production of meaning and explicates the feedback channels between the three counterparts. When people make sense of technologies, they necessarily engage their moral histories to comprehend new technologies and fit them in daily practices. As such, the lemniscate principle offers a chance to explore the moral dynamics taking place during technological appropriation. Using digital voice assistants as an example, I show how these AI-guided devices mediate our moral inclinations, decisions and even our values, while in parallel suggesting how to use and design them in an informed and critical way.},
keywords = {},
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In this paper, I argue that AI-powered voice assistants, just as all technologies, actively mediate our interpretative structures, including values. I show this by explaining the productive role of technologies in the way people make sense of themselves and those around them. More specifically, I rely on the hermeneutics of Gadamer and the material hermeneutics of Ihde to develop a hermeneutic lemniscate as a principle of technologically mediated sense-making. The lemniscate principle links people, technologies and the sociocultural world in the joint production of meaning and explicates the feedback channels between the three counterparts. When people make sense of technologies, they necessarily engage their moral histories to comprehend new technologies and fit them in daily practices. As such, the lemniscate principle offers a chance to explore the moral dynamics taking place during technological appropriation. Using digital voice assistants as an example, I show how these AI-guided devices mediate our moral inclinations, decisions and even our values, while in parallel suggesting how to use and design them in an informed and critical way.
Kudina, Olya; Boer, Bas
Co-designing diagnosis: Towards a responsible integration of Machine Learning decision-support systems in medical diagnostics Journal Article
In: Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, vol. n/a, no. n/a, 2021, ISSN: 1356-1294.
@article{RN4258,
title = {Co-designing diagnosis: Towards a responsible integration of Machine Learning decision-support systems in medical diagnostics},
author = {Olya Kudina and Bas Boer},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jep.13535},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.13535},
issn = {1356-1294},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
urldate = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice},
volume = {n/a},
number = {n/a},
abstract = {Abstract Rationale This paper aims to show how the focus on eradicating bias from Machine Learning decision-support systems in medical diagnosis diverts attention from the hermeneutic nature of medical decision-making and the productive role of bias. We want to show how an introduction of Machine Learning systems alters the diagnostic process. Reviewing the negative conception of bias and incorporating the mediating role of Machine Learning systems in the medical diagnosis are essential for an encompassing, critical and informed medical decision-making. Methods This paper presents a philosophical analysis, employing the conceptual frameworks of hermeneutics and technological mediation, while drawing on the case of Machine Learning algorithms assisting doctors in diagnosis. This paper unravels the non-neutral role of algorithms in the doctor's decision-making and points to the dialogical nature of interaction not only with the patients but also with the technologies that co-shape the diagnosis. Findings Following the hermeneutical model of medical diagnosis, we review the notion of bias to show how it is an inalienable and productive part of diagnosis. We show how Machine Learning biases join the human ones to actively shape the diagnostic process, simultaneously expanding and narrowing medical attention, highlighting certain aspects, while disclosing others, thus mediating medical perceptions and actions. Based on that, we demonstrate how doctors can take Machine Learning systems on board for an enhanced medical diagnosis, while being aware of their non-neutral role. Conclusions We show that Machine Learning systems join doctors and patients in co-designing a triad of medical diagnosis. We highlight that it is imperative to examine the hermeneutic role of the Machine Learning systems. Additionally, we suggest including not only the patient, but also colleagues to ensure an encompassing diagnostic process, to respect its inherently hermeneutic nature and to work productively with the existing human and machine biases.},
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Abstract Rationale This paper aims to show how the focus on eradicating bias from Machine Learning decision-support systems in medical diagnosis diverts attention from the hermeneutic nature of medical decision-making and the productive role of bias. We want to show how an introduction of Machine Learning systems alters the diagnostic process. Reviewing the negative conception of bias and incorporating the mediating role of Machine Learning systems in the medical diagnosis are essential for an encompassing, critical and informed medical decision-making. Methods This paper presents a philosophical analysis, employing the conceptual frameworks of hermeneutics and technological mediation, while drawing on the case of Machine Learning algorithms assisting doctors in diagnosis. This paper unravels the non-neutral role of algorithms in the doctor's decision-making and points to the dialogical nature of interaction not only with the patients but also with the technologies that co-shape the diagnosis. Findings Following the hermeneutical model of medical diagnosis, we review the notion of bias to show how it is an inalienable and productive part of diagnosis. We show how Machine Learning biases join the human ones to actively shape the diagnostic process, simultaneously expanding and narrowing medical attention, highlighting certain aspects, while disclosing others, thus mediating medical perceptions and actions. Based on that, we demonstrate how doctors can take Machine Learning systems on board for an enhanced medical diagnosis, while being aware of their non-neutral role. Conclusions We show that Machine Learning systems join doctors and patients in co-designing a triad of medical diagnosis. We highlight that it is imperative to examine the hermeneutic role of the Machine Learning systems. Additionally, we suggest including not only the patient, but also colleagues to ensure an encompassing diagnostic process, to respect its inherently hermeneutic nature and to work productively with the existing human and machine biases.
Sand, Martin; Klenk, Michael
Moral Luck and Unfair Blame Journal Article
In: The Journal of Value Inquiry, 2021, ISSN: 1573-0492.
@article{RN4181,
title = {Moral Luck and Unfair Blame},
author = {Martin Sand and Michael Klenk},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10790-021-09856-4},
doi = {10.1007/s10790-021-09856-4},
issn = {1573-0492},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
urldate = {2021-01-01},
journal = {The Journal of Value Inquiry},
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pubstate = {published},
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2020
de Wildt, Tristan; Chappin, Emile; van de Kaa, Geerten; Herder, Paulien; van de Poel, Ibo
In: Energy Research & Social Science, vol. 64, pp. 101451, 2020, ISSN: 2214-6296.
@article{RN3686,
title = {Conflicted by decarbonisation: Five types of conflict at the nexus of capabilities and decentralised energy systems identified with an agent-based model},
author = {Tristan de Wildt and Emile Chappin and Geerten van de Kaa and Paulien Herder and Ibo van de Poel},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629620300281},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101451},
issn = {2214-6296},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
urldate = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Energy Research & Social Science},
volume = {64},
pages = {101451},
abstract = {This paper explores capability conflicts in the deployment of decentralised energy systems and identifies the affected population. These systems have positive societal impacts in terms of sustainability and consumer empowerment, but they are not accessible to all and their deployment may increase socio-economic inequalities. The societal impacts of decentralised energy systems can be understood in terms of conflicting capabilities; for some citizens capabilities may increase, whereas for others they may decrease. While problematic, capability conflicts may not be inherent. They may only occur in certain neighbourhoods, for example, where both affluent and less affluent populations coexist. By understanding why these capability conflicts occur, we may be able to anticipate whether these decentralised energy projects could result in societal problems. We use agent-based modelling and the scenario discovery technique to identify capability conflicts and the populations that may be affected. We distinguish five classes of conflicts, which can be used to anticipate social acceptance issues. Affected populations can be involved in the decision-making process to foster acceptance of decentralised energy systems. This work contributes to the growing political and scientific debate on issues of energy justice and inclusiveness related to the energy transition. Additionally, we contribute to the operationalisation of such capabilities, as this is one of the first papers to formalise the Capability Approach using an agent-based model.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
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This paper explores capability conflicts in the deployment of decentralised energy systems and identifies the affected population. These systems have positive societal impacts in terms of sustainability and consumer empowerment, but they are not accessible to all and their deployment may increase socio-economic inequalities. The societal impacts of decentralised energy systems can be understood in terms of conflicting capabilities; for some citizens capabilities may increase, whereas for others they may decrease. While problematic, capability conflicts may not be inherent. They may only occur in certain neighbourhoods, for example, where both affluent and less affluent populations coexist. By understanding why these capability conflicts occur, we may be able to anticipate whether these decentralised energy projects could result in societal problems. We use agent-based modelling and the scenario discovery technique to identify capability conflicts and the populations that may be affected. We distinguish five classes of conflicts, which can be used to anticipate social acceptance issues. Affected populations can be involved in the decision-making process to foster acceptance of decentralised energy systems. This work contributes to the growing political and scientific debate on issues of energy justice and inclusiveness related to the energy transition. Additionally, we contribute to the operationalisation of such capabilities, as this is one of the first papers to formalise the Capability Approach using an agent-based model.
Klenk, Michael
Charting moral psychology significance for bioethics: Routes to bioethical progress, its limits, and lessons from moral philosophy Journal Article
In: Diametros, vol. 17, no. 64, pp. 36–55, 2020, ISSN: 1733-5566.
@article{d7072b47cb8a47798807ff500b0d424c,
title = {Charting moral psychology significance for bioethics: Routes to bioethical progress, its limits, and lessons from moral philosophy},
author = {Michael Klenk},
doi = {10.33392/diam.1520},
issn = {1733-5566},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Diametros},
volume = {17},
number = {64},
pages = {36--55},
publisher = {Instytut Filozofii UJ},
abstract = {Empirical moral psychology is sometimes dismissed as normatively insignificant because it plays no decisive role in settling ethical disputes. But that conclusion, even if it is valid for normative ethics, does not extend to bioethics. First, in contrast to normative ethics, bioethics can legitimately proceed from a presupposed moral framework. Within that framework, moral psychology can be shown to play four significant roles: it can improve bioethiciststextquoteright understanding of (1) the decision situation, (2) the origin and legitimacy of their moral concepts, (3) efficient options for implementing (legitimate) decisions, and (4) how to change and improve some parts of their moral framework. Second, metaethical considerations suggest that moral psychology may lead to the radical revision of entire moral frameworks and thus prompt the radical revision of entire moral frameworks in bioethics. However, I show that bioethics must either relinquish these radical implications of moral psychology and accept that there are limits to progress in bioethics based on moral psychology or establish an epistemic framework that guides radical revision.},
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Empirical moral psychology is sometimes dismissed as normatively insignificant because it plays no decisive role in settling ethical disputes. But that conclusion, even if it is valid for normative ethics, does not extend to bioethics. First, in contrast to normative ethics, bioethics can legitimately proceed from a presupposed moral framework. Within that framework, moral psychology can be shown to play four significant roles: it can improve bioethiciststextquoteright understanding of (1) the decision situation, (2) the origin and legitimacy of their moral concepts, (3) efficient options for implementing (legitimate) decisions, and (4) how to change and improve some parts of their moral framework. Second, metaethical considerations suggest that moral psychology may lead to the radical revision of entire moral frameworks and thus prompt the radical revision of entire moral frameworks in bioethics. However, I show that bioethics must either relinquish these radical implications of moral psychology and accept that there are limits to progress in bioethics based on moral psychology or establish an epistemic framework that guides radical revision.
Klenk, Michael; Duijf, Hein
Ethics of digital contact tracing and COVID-19: who is (not) free to go? Journal Article
In: Ethics and Information Technology, 2020, ISSN: 1388-1957.
@article{41bde71c95c94a9abfb046c9ed9ebd32,
title = {Ethics of digital contact tracing and COVID-19: who is (not) free to go?},
author = {Michael Klenk and Hein Duijf},
doi = {10.1007/s10676-020-09544-0},
issn = {1388-1957},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Ethics and Information Technology},
publisher = {Springer},
abstract = {Digital tracing technologies are heralded as an effective way of containing SARS-CoV-2 faster than it is spreading, thereby allowing the possibility of easing draconic measures of population-wide quarantine. But existing technological proposals risk addressing the wrong problem. The proper objective is not solely to maximise the ratio of people freed from quarantine but to also ensure that the composition of the freed group is fair. We identify several factors that pose a risk for fair group composition along with an analysis of general lessons for a philosophy of technology. Policymakers, epidemiologists, and developers can use these risk factors to benchmark proposal technologies, curb the pandemic, and keep public trust.},
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Digital tracing technologies are heralded as an effective way of containing SARS-CoV-2 faster than it is spreading, thereby allowing the possibility of easing draconic measures of population-wide quarantine. But existing technological proposals risk addressing the wrong problem. The proper objective is not solely to maximise the ratio of people freed from quarantine but to also ensure that the composition of the freed group is fair. We identify several factors that pose a risk for fair group composition along with an analysis of general lessons for a philosophy of technology. Policymakers, epidemiologists, and developers can use these risk factors to benchmark proposal technologies, curb the pandemic, and keep public trust.
Muishout, Chantal E; Coggins, Tom N; Schipper, Roel H
More Than Meets the Eye? Robotisation and Normativity in the Dutch Construction Industry Proceeding
Springer, 2020, ISBN: 978-3-030-49915-0, (Accepted Author Manuscript; Digital Concrete 2020 - 2nd RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication ; Conference date: 06-07-2020 Through 08-07-2020).
@proceedings{1309a149b2b3413db2010740d3508e93,
title = {More Than Meets the Eye? Robotisation and Normativity in the Dutch Construction Industry},
author = {Chantal E Muishout and Tom N Coggins and Roel H Schipper},
url = {https://digitalconcrete2020.com/},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-49916-7_82},
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booktitle = {Second RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication},
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abstract = {Construction robots are becoming more common in the Netherlands, but remain rarities in contexts aside from state-of-the-art factories owned by wealthy or technologically-orientated companies. In its current state, the construction industry would have to change significantly to make room for robots. To understand whether these changes are welcome or not, this paper presents qualitative, exploratory research concerning 10 stakeholderstextquoteright perspectives of robotisation and construction robots in the Dutch construction industry.},
note = {Accepted Author Manuscript; Digital Concrete 2020 - 2nd RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication ; Conference date: 06-07-2020 Through 08-07-2020},
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Construction robots are becoming more common in the Netherlands, but remain rarities in contexts aside from state-of-the-art factories owned by wealthy or technologically-orientated companies. In its current state, the construction industry would have to change significantly to make room for robots. To understand whether these changes are welcome or not, this paper presents qualitative, exploratory research concerning 10 stakeholderstextquoteright perspectives of robotisation and construction robots in the Dutch construction industry.
Steinert, Steffen
Unleashing the Constructive Potential of Emotions: Some Critical Comments on Risk, Technology and Moral Emotions by Sabine Roeser Journal Article
In: Science & Engineering Ethics, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 1913–1920, 2020, ISSN: 1471-5546.
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title = {Unleashing the Constructive Potential of Emotions: Some Critical Comments on Risk, Technology and Moral Emotions by Sabine Roeser},
author = {Steffen Steinert},
doi = {10.1007/s11948-020-00195-4},
issn = {1471-5546},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Science & Engineering Ethics},
volume = {26},
number = {4},
pages = {1913--1920},
publisher = {Springer},
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Hayes, Paul; van de Poel, Ibo; Steen, Marc
Algorithms and Values in Justice and Security Journal Article
In: AI&Society: the journal of human-centered systems and machine intelligence, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 533–555, 2020, ISSN: 0951-5666.
@article{2e06348e6d684a7ba0968ba9389647e1,
title = {Algorithms and Values in Justice and Security},
author = {Paul Hayes and Ibo van de Poel and Marc Steen},
doi = {10.1007/s00146-019-00932-9},
issn = {0951-5666},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {AI&Society: the journal of human-centered systems and machine intelligence},
volume = {35},
number = {3},
pages = {533--555},
publisher = {Springer},
abstract = {This article presents a conceptual investigation into the value impacts and relations of algorithms in the domain of justice and security. As a conceptual investigation, it represents one step in a value sensitive design based methodology (not incorporated here are empirical and technical investigations). Here, we explicate and analyse the expression of values of accuracy, privacy, fairness and equality, property and ownership, and accountability and transparency in this context. We find that values are sensitive to disvalue if algorithms are designed, implemented or deployed inappropriately or without sufficient consideration for their value impacts, potentially resulting in problems including discrimination and constrained autonomy. Furthermore, we outline a framework of conceptual relations of values indicated by our analysis, and potential value tensions in their implementation and deployment with a view towards supporting future research, and supporting the value sensitive design of algorithms in justice and security.},
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This article presents a conceptual investigation into the value impacts and relations of algorithms in the domain of justice and security. As a conceptual investigation, it represents one step in a value sensitive design based methodology (not incorporated here are empirical and technical investigations). Here, we explicate and analyse the expression of values of accuracy, privacy, fairness and equality, property and ownership, and accountability and transparency in this context. We find that values are sensitive to disvalue if algorithms are designed, implemented or deployed inappropriately or without sufficient consideration for their value impacts, potentially resulting in problems including discrimination and constrained autonomy. Furthermore, we outline a framework of conceptual relations of values indicated by our analysis, and potential value tensions in their implementation and deployment with a view towards supporting future research, and supporting the value sensitive design of algorithms in justice and security.
Ortt, Roland; van Putten, David; Kamp, Linda; van de Poel, Ibo
Conclusions: How can responsible innovation be defined and how to do it? Book Chapter
In: Ortt, Roland J; van Putten, David; Kamp, Linda M; van de Poel, Ibo (Ed.): Responsible Innovation in Large Technological Systems, Routledge - Taylor & Francis Group, 1, 2020, ISBN: 9780367895815.
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title = {Conclusions: How can responsible innovation be defined and how to do it?},
author = {Roland Ortt and David van Putten and Linda Kamp and Ibo van de Poel},
editor = {Roland J Ortt and David van Putten and Linda M Kamp and Ibo van de Poel},
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abstract = {Large technological systems such as sluices and seaports in our water system and nuclear power systems, wind turbines and shale gas exploitation technologies in our energy system provide vital societal functions. For such large technological systems in society, the innovation process itself can also impact many stakeholder groups. Responsibility refers to a range of aspects: privacy of individuals, security, respect, a fair division of wealth, sustainability and so on. Some of these aspects conflict with each other: maximum security against terrorism, for example, can only be created at the expense of privacy. Before decision-making starts and responsible innovation processes are initiated, a comprehensive set of basic information is required. The economic way to balance values is to weigh costs versus benefits. For large technological systems in society it is important to represent all stakeholders and explore the costs and benefits that they experience from the system.},
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Large technological systems such as sluices and seaports in our water system and nuclear power systems, wind turbines and shale gas exploitation technologies in our energy system provide vital societal functions. For such large technological systems in society, the innovation process itself can also impact many stakeholder groups. Responsibility refers to a range of aspects: privacy of individuals, security, respect, a fair division of wealth, sustainability and so on. Some of these aspects conflict with each other: maximum security against terrorism, for example, can only be created at the expense of privacy. Before decision-making starts and responsible innovation processes are initiated, a comprehensive set of basic information is required. The economic way to balance values is to weigh costs versus benefits. For large technological systems in society it is important to represent all stakeholders and explore the costs and benefits that they experience from the system.
van de Poel, Ibo
In: Human Affairs, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 499, 2020, ISSN: 1210-3055.
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title = {Three philosophical perspectives on the relation between technology and society, and how they affect the current debate about artificial intelligence},
author = {Ibo van de Poel},
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date = {2020-01-01},
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journal = {Human Affairs},
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abstract = {Three philosophical perspectives on the relation between technology and society are distinguished and discussed: 1) technology as an autonomous force that determines society; 2) technology as a human construct that can be shaped by human values, and 3) a co-evolutionary perspective on technology and society where neither of them determines the other. The historical evolution of the three perspectives is discussed and it is argued that all three are still present in current debates about technological change and how it may affect society. This is illustrated for the case of Artificial Intelligence (AI). It is argued that each of the three perspectives contributes to the debate of AI but that the third has the strongest potential to uncover blind spots in the current debate.},
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Three philosophical perspectives on the relation between technology and society are distinguished and discussed: 1) technology as an autonomous force that determines society; 2) technology as a human construct that can be shaped by human values, and 3) a co-evolutionary perspective on technology and society where neither of them determines the other. The historical evolution of the three perspectives is discussed and it is argued that all three are still present in current debates about technological change and how it may affect society. This is illustrated for the case of Artificial Intelligence (AI). It is argued that each of the three perspectives contributes to the debate of AI but that the third has the strongest potential to uncover blind spots in the current debate.
van de Poel, Ibo
Core Values and Value Conflicts in Cybersecurity: Beyond Privacy Versus Security Book Chapter
In: Christen, Markus; Gordijn, Bert; Loi, Michele (Ed.): The Ethics of Cybersecurity, pp. 45–71, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2020, ISBN: 978-3-030-29053-5.
@inbook{vandePoel2020b,
title = {Core Values and Value Conflicts in Cybersecurity: Beyond Privacy Versus Security},
author = {Ibo van de Poel},
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url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29053-5_3},
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booktitle = {The Ethics of Cybersecurity},
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abstract = {This chapter analyses some of the main values, and values conflicts, in relation to cybersecurity by distinguishing four important value clusters that should be considered when deciding on cybersecurity measures. These clusters are security, privacy, fairness and accountability. Each cluster consists of a range of further values, which can be viewed as articulating specific moral reasons relevant when devising cybersecurity measures. In addition to the four value clusters, domain-specific values that are served by computer systems, such as health, are important. Following a detailed discussion of the four relevant value clusters, potential value conflicts and value tensions are considered. The relationships of five pairs of values (privacy-security, privacy-fairness, privacy-accountability, security-accountability and security-fairness) are analysed in terms of whether they are largely supportive or conflicting. In addition, possible methods for addressing these potential value conflicts are discussed. It is concluded that values, and value conflicts, in cybersecurity should be considered in context, also taking into account the specific computer systems at play, to enable the use of nuanced and fine-grained methods for addressing the relevant value conflicts.},
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This chapter analyses some of the main values, and values conflicts, in relation to cybersecurity by distinguishing four important value clusters that should be considered when deciding on cybersecurity measures. These clusters are security, privacy, fairness and accountability. Each cluster consists of a range of further values, which can be viewed as articulating specific moral reasons relevant when devising cybersecurity measures. In addition to the four value clusters, domain-specific values that are served by computer systems, such as health, are important. Following a detailed discussion of the four relevant value clusters, potential value conflicts and value tensions are considered. The relationships of five pairs of values (privacy-security, privacy-fairness, privacy-accountability, security-accountability and security-fairness) are analysed in terms of whether they are largely supportive or conflicting. In addition, possible methods for addressing these potential value conflicts are discussed. It is concluded that values, and value conflicts, in cybersecurity should be considered in context, also taking into account the specific computer systems at play, to enable the use of nuanced and fine-grained methods for addressing the relevant value conflicts.
Sand, M; Klenk, M B O T
Prometheus' Legacy: Responsibility and Technology Book Chapter
In: Recki, Birgit (Ed.): Welche Technik, pp. 23–39, Text & Dialog, 2020, ISBN: 978-3-943897-55-5.
@inbook{d49859d8eea64cfca802be2897381123,
title = {Prometheus' Legacy: Responsibility and Technology},
author = {M Sand and M B O T Klenk},
editor = {Birgit Recki},
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year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
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pages = {23--39},
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abstract = {A prominent view in contemporary philosophy of technology suggests that more technology implies more possibilities and, therefore, more responsibilities. Consequently, the question textquoteleftWhat technology?textquoteright is discussed primarily on the backdrop of assessing, assigning, and avoiding technology- borne culpability. The view is reminiscent of the Olympian godstextquoteright vengeful and harsh reaction to Prometheustextquoteright play with fire. However, the Olympian view leaves unexplained how technologies increase possibilities. Also, if Olympians are right, endorsing their view will at some point demand putting a halt to technological development, which is absurd. Hence, we defend an alternative perspective on the relationship between responsibility and technology: Our Promethean view recognises technology as the result of collective, forward-looking responsibility and not only as a cause thereof. Several examples illustrate that technologies are not always the right means to tackle human vulnerabilities. Together, these arguments prompt a change in focus from the question textquoteleftWhat technology?textquoteright to textquoteleftWhy technology?textquoteright},
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A prominent view in contemporary philosophy of technology suggests that more technology implies more possibilities and, therefore, more responsibilities. Consequently, the question textquoteleftWhat technology?textquoteright is discussed primarily on the backdrop of assessing, assigning, and avoiding technology- borne culpability. The view is reminiscent of the Olympian godstextquoteright vengeful and harsh reaction to Prometheustextquoteright play with fire. However, the Olympian view leaves unexplained how technologies increase possibilities. Also, if Olympians are right, endorsing their view will at some point demand putting a halt to technological development, which is absurd. Hence, we defend an alternative perspective on the relationship between responsibility and technology: Our Promethean view recognises technology as the result of collective, forward-looking responsibility and not only as a cause thereof. Several examples illustrate that technologies are not always the right means to tackle human vulnerabilities. Together, these arguments prompt a change in focus from the question textquoteleftWhat technology?textquoteright to textquoteleftWhy technology?textquoteright
de Poel, Ibo Van
Should Philosophers Begin to Employ New Methods If They Want to Become More Societally Relevant? Book Chapter
In: Hermann, Julia; Hopster, Jeroen; Kalf, Wouter; Klenk, Michael (Ed.): Philosophy in the Age Of Science? Inquiries Into Philosophical Progress, Method, and Societal Relevance, pp. 231–244, Rowman & Littlefield, 2020.
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Klenk, Michael
Omnivores and Synthesisers: Academic Philosophers as Interdisciplinary Specialists Book Chapter
In: Hermann, Julia; Hopster, Jeroen; Kalf, Wouter; Klenk, Michael (Ed.): Philosophy in the Age of Science? Inquiries Into Philosophical Progress, Method, and Societal Relevance, pp. 173-194, Rowman & Littlefield, London, 2020.
@inbook{RN4635,
title = {Omnivores and Synthesisers: Academic Philosophers as Interdisciplinary Specialists},
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2019
Steinert, Steffen; Roeser, Sabine
Passion for the Art of Morally Responsible Technology Development Journal Article
In: Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement, vol. 85, pp. 87–109, 2019.
@article{7f7bed31524c47a49ab4da28f58705b3,
title = {Passion for the Art of Morally Responsible Technology Development},
author = {Steffen Steinert and Sabine Roeser},
url = {http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:7f7bed31-524c-47a4-9ab4-da28f58705b3},
doi = {10.1017/S135824611800070X},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
urldate = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement},
volume = {85},
pages = {87–109},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
abstract = {In this article, we discuss the importance of emotions for ethical reflection on technological developments, as well as the role that art can play in this. We review literature that argues that emotions can and should play an important role in the assessment and acceptance of technological risk and in designing morally responsible technologies. We then investigate how technologically engaged art can contribute to critical, emotional-moral reflection on technological risks. The role of art that engages with technology is unexplored territory and gives rise to many fascinating philosophical questions that have not yet been sufficiently addressed in the literature.},
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In this article, we discuss the importance of emotions for ethical reflection on technological developments, as well as the role that art can play in this. We review literature that argues that emotions can and should play an important role in the assessment and acceptance of technological risk and in designing morally responsible technologies. We then investigate how technologically engaged art can contribute to critical, emotional-moral reflection on technological risks. The role of art that engages with technology is unexplored territory and gives rise to many fascinating philosophical questions that have not yet been sufficiently addressed in the literature.
Steinert, Steffen; Bublitz, Christoph; Jox, Ralf; Friedrich, Orsolya
Doing Things with Thoughts: Brain-Computer Interfaces and Disembodied Agency Journal Article
In: Philosophy & Technology, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 457–482, 2019, ISSN: 2210-5433.
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title = {Doing Things with Thoughts: Brain-Computer Interfaces and Disembodied Agency},
author = {Steffen Steinert and Christoph Bublitz and Ralf Jox and Orsolya Friedrich},
doi = {10.1007/s13347-018-0308-4},
issn = {2210-5433},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Philosophy & Technology},
volume = {32},
number = {3},
pages = {457--482},
publisher = {Springer},
abstract = {Connecting human minds to various technological devices and applications through brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) affords intriguingly novel ways for humans to engage and interact with the world. Not only do BCIs play an important role in restorative medicine, they are also increasingly used outside of medical or therapeutic contexts (e.g., gaming or mental state monitoring). A striking peculiarity of BCI technology is that the kind of actions it enables seems to differ from paradigmatic human actions, because, effects in the world are brought about by devices such as robotic arms, prosthesis, or other machines, and their execution runs through a computer directed by brain signals. In contrast to usual forms of action, the sequence does not need to involve bodily or muscle movements at all. A motionless body, the epitome of inaction, might be acting. How do theories of action relate to such BCI-mediated forms of changing the world? We wish to explore this question through the lenses of three perspectives on agency: subjective experience of agency, philosophical action theory, and legal concepts of action. Our analysis pursues three aims: First, we shall discuss whether and which BCI-mediated events qualify as actions, according to the main concepts of action in philosophy and law. Secondly, en passant, we wish to highlight the ten most interesting novelties or peculiarities of BCI-mediated movements. Thirdly, we seek to explore whether these novel forms of movement may have consequences for concepts of agency. More concretely, we think that convincing assessments of BCI-movements require more fine-grained accounts of agency and a distinction between various forms of control during movements. In addition, we show that the disembodied nature of BCI-mediated events causes troubles for the standard legal account of actions as bodily movements. In an exchange with views from philosophy, we wish to propose that the law ought to reform its concept of action to include some, but not all, BCI-mediated events and sketch some of the wider implications this may have, especially for the venerable legal idea of the right to freedom of thought. In this regard, BCIs are an example of the way in which technological access to yet largely sealed-off domains of the person may necessitate adjusting normative boundaries between the personal and the social sphere.},
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Connecting human minds to various technological devices and applications through brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) affords intriguingly novel ways for humans to engage and interact with the world. Not only do BCIs play an important role in restorative medicine, they are also increasingly used outside of medical or therapeutic contexts (e.g., gaming or mental state monitoring). A striking peculiarity of BCI technology is that the kind of actions it enables seems to differ from paradigmatic human actions, because, effects in the world are brought about by devices such as robotic arms, prosthesis, or other machines, and their execution runs through a computer directed by brain signals. In contrast to usual forms of action, the sequence does not need to involve bodily or muscle movements at all. A motionless body, the epitome of inaction, might be acting. How do theories of action relate to such BCI-mediated forms of changing the world? We wish to explore this question through the lenses of three perspectives on agency: subjective experience of agency, philosophical action theory, and legal concepts of action. Our analysis pursues three aims: First, we shall discuss whether and which BCI-mediated events qualify as actions, according to the main concepts of action in philosophy and law. Secondly, en passant, we wish to highlight the ten most interesting novelties or peculiarities of BCI-mediated movements. Thirdly, we seek to explore whether these novel forms of movement may have consequences for concepts of agency. More concretely, we think that convincing assessments of BCI-movements require more fine-grained accounts of agency and a distinction between various forms of control during movements. In addition, we show that the disembodied nature of BCI-mediated events causes troubles for the standard legal account of actions as bodily movements. In an exchange with views from philosophy, we wish to propose that the law ought to reform its concept of action to include some, but not all, BCI-mediated events and sketch some of the wider implications this may have, especially for the venerable legal idea of the right to freedom of thought. In this regard, BCIs are an example of the way in which technological access to yet largely sealed-off domains of the person may necessitate adjusting normative boundaries between the personal and the social sphere.